Russian translation
Language world offers translations from Russian into English and from English into Russian. Our professional Russian translators work in many kinds of texts and subjects, such as medical, business, legal, automation and many others.
We translate in two steps: the first of them being the translation of the text into or from Russian and the second of them the checking of the writing.
While translating, the Russian native, professional, translator works only into his own mother tongue and always the kind of texts in which he has a high expertise. Thanks to translation technologies, such as translation memories, lexica management tools and many others, used in the Russian translation work, we can guarantee the best product.
The proofreading and checking step will ensure a total fluency and best linguistic perfection of the finished Russian work. Language world always checks and proofreads all translation works from and into the Russian language by a native translator.
We take care of anything around the publishing of writings and texts and can provide you with desktop publishing services for your Russian translations.
Should you need an Russian translator, please, contact us, we will try everything to supply you with a good done work.
Information about the German language
Dialects of the Russian language
Several dialects exist in Russia, despite levelling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary. Some linguistics claim that there are two principal regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the Russian language into three groupings, Northern, Central and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. Several smaller-scale variants are recognized by dialectology within Russia .
The dialects frequently show different and non-standard characteristics of pronunciation and intonation, grammar and vocabulary. Some of these are relics of ancient usage nowadays completely discarded by the standard language.
In the eighteenth century, among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov. Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary in the nineteenth. Detailed mapping of the dialects of the Russian language began at the turn of the twentieth century. After four decades of preparatory work, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language, was published in 3 folio volumes 1986–1989. The standard Russian language is based on (but not identical to) the Moscow dialect.
Derived languages of the Russian language
Fenya, a criminal argot of ancient origin, using Russian with different vocabulary.
Surzhyk, a language with Ukrainian and Russian characteristics, spoken in some rural areas of Ukraine.
Trasianka is a language with Belorusian and Russian features, used by a large percentage of the rural population in Belarus.
Quelia, a pseudo pidgin of Russian and German.
Russenorsk, an extinct pidgin language with mostly Russian vocabulary and mostly Norwegian grammar, used in Finnmark and the Kola Peninsula for communication between Russians and Norwegian traders in the Pomor trade.
Runglish, Russian-English pidgin. English speakers use this word to describe the way in which Russian people attempt to speak English using Russian morphology and syntax.
Nadsat, the language which uses many Russian words and Russian slang.
Writing system of the Russian language
Russian alphabet
Written Russian uses a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet.
Orthography of the Russian language
In practice, Russian spelling is reasonably phonemic. Its spelling is actually a balance among phonemics, morphology, etymology, and grammar; and, like that of most living languages, has its share of controversial and inconsistencies aspects. Between the 1880s and 1910s, some strict spelling rules were introduced and have been responsible for the latter whilst trying to eliminate the former.
The present spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. In the late 1990s, there has been an update proposed, but has met a hostile reception, and has not been formally adopted.
Originally based on Byzantine Greek, the punctuation was in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries reformulated on the German and French models.
History of the Russian language and examples
The history of Russian may be divided into several periods:
The Kievan period and feudal breakup, the Tatar yoke and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Moscovite period (15th–17th centuries), Empire (18th–19th centuries) and finally the Soviet period and beyond (20th century).
By approximately 1000 AD, according to the historical records, the most important ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, who spoke a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this area into Kievan Rus', from which both modern Russia and Ukraine trace their origins, was quickly followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988–9 and the establishment of Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and literary language. At this time, calques and borrowings from Byzantine Greek began to enter the vernacular, and at the same time the literary language began to be modified in its turn to become more nearly Eastern Slavic.
After the breakup, dialectal differentiation accelerated of Kievan Rus' in around 1100, and the Mongol conquest of the thirteenth century. From the 13th century, the lands of Kievan Rus' were divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (consisting of the territories of current Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), independent Novgorod Feudal Republic with lands in the current Russian North-West and small Russian duchies who were vassals of the Tatars. At this time, it is possible to distinguish a formation of an East-Russian language with a tough influence of the official Church Slavonic and a West-Russian (also known as Old Belarusian language), which had official status in the Great Duchy of Lithuania and can be seen as an antecedent of the modern Belarusian language, and, albeit to a less extent, of the Ukrainian.
In the late fourteenth century, after the disestablishment of the "Tartar yoke", both the political centre and the predominant dialect in European Russia were based in Moscow. In Moscow and Novgorod , and later in the growing Moscow Rus', the official language remained a kind of Church Slavonic until the close of the seventeenth century.
However, despite attempts at standardization, as by Meletius Smotrytsky c. 1620, an incipient secular literature strongly compromised its purity. The union between the Great Duchy of Lithuania and Poland in the 16th century was one important factor for the later formation of Belarusian and Ukrainian. This led to an introduction of the Polish langugae as the only state one on the whole territory of the new state. Ukrainian and Belarusian were at that time almost entirely colloquial languages until the 19th century. It is important to point out that, since Moscow became the principal center of Orthodox Christianity in 15th century, (East-)Russian language continued its development as a written language, and inheriting many words from the Church Slavonic. Consequently, (East-)Russian served from now on as the only Common Russian written and communication language, even in large cities of Ukraine and Belarus, particularly in Kiev. During some periods, the Moscow dialect was influenced by the Kiev dialect of Common Russian language, for instance, during the 17th century.
Peter the Great, among another reforms, made one reforming the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Considerable vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, an important percetange of the gentry spoke French, less often German, on an everyday basis. A lot of Russian novels of the 19th century, for example, Lev Tolstoy's "War and Peace", does have complete paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers won't need one.
The modern literary language is frequently considered to date in the first third of the nineteenth century from the time of Aleksandr Pushkin. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic vocabulary and grammar in favour of vocabulary and grammar found in the spoken language of the time. Even modern readers of younger age has slight difficulties to understand some words in Pushkin's texts, because only few words used by Pushkin became archaic or changed meaning. On the other hand, a lot of expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th century, in particular Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Griboedov, became sayings or proverbs, which can be often found even in the modern Russian colloquial speech. This phenomenon also applies to Ukrainian and Belarusian speakers because Russian classical literature is considered by most Ukrainians and Belarusians as the Common Russian or Common East-Slavonic literature.
In the early twentieth century, the political upheavals of and the wholesale changes of political ideology gave written Russian its current appearance after the spelling reform of 1918. During the middle third of the twentieth century, political circumstances and Soviet activities in scientific, military and technological matters (in particular cosmonautics), gave Russian a world-wide prestige.